LIMITS OF LIQUID AFFLUENT FOR THERMAL POWER STATIONS

Few other limit value are here by attached,

Standards for  Liquid affluent.

SOURCE	PARAMETERS		STANDARDS MAX. LIMITING CONCENTRATION mg/1 (EXCEPT FOR pH & TEMP.)
Condenser Cooling Water (once through cooling system)	PH Temperature		6.5 to 8.5 　 Not more than 7deg. C higher than the intake
Free available chlorine		0.5
Boiler Blow down	Suspended Solids Oil & Grease Copper (Total) Iron (Total)		100 20 1.0 1.0
Cooling Tower Blow down	Free available Chlorine Zinc Chromium (Total) Phosphate		0.5 1.0 0.2 5.0

Ash Pond Effluent

PH Suspended Solids Oil & Greases

6.5 to 8.5 100 20

                                               Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise

Area Code                                 Category of Area                           Limits in dB (A) Leq

                                                                                                    Day Time           Night Time

(A)                                              Industrial area                                  75                      70

(B)                                              Commercial area                              65                      55

(C)                                              Residential area                                55                      45

(D)                                              Silence zone                                     50                      40

Note :

1. Day time is reckoned in between 6.00 AM and 9.00 PM

2. Night time is reckoned in between 9.00 PM and 6.00 AM

3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 meters around such premises as hospitals,

educational institutions and courts. The Silence zones are to be declared by the

Competent Authority.

4. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these

zones.

5. Mixed categories of areas should be declared as one of the four above mentioned

categories by the Competent Authority and the corresponding standards shall apply.

There are  standard available for Diesel generating set about stack height, water quality inland surface and ground water, standard for using Gas/Naphtha etc. the standards were not discussed over here.

The next point of discussion will be generation of ash , utilisation of Ash and steps to be taken to reduce the pollution / steps already to achieve the goal. EIA report will consist all of that . Parameter at the beginning of the project ,and predicted parameter after the project.

How this knowledge benefits construction manager I will give an practical example. I was happen to be construction head of a prestigious project India having two MNC companies on my wing. Both the companies are very renowned about the product and happens to be very aware about HSE. But

there conditions are different one MNC is stringent but understand the Indian conditions and ready to

discuss all issue across the table so that dispute can be resolved or minimised to an acceptable limit.

The 2nd MNC approach is reverse they do not want to discuss but refuse to attend site work.

A dispute arose with  2nd MNC about asbestos content in air at site. It happens that the representative

of 2nd company found some worker is cutting CAF gasket for pipeline from next minutes onwards they left the job. While on this subject we were  surprised to find out that Accepted air quality does not mention Asbestos in their report as potential pollutant but as it is mentioned in their contract. No

amount cajoling to the expatriate yields any result . Other MNC was looking at it but ignore it as their

manpower's are technically superior . They understand  the envoirment that using a few CAF gasket

cannot pollute the envoirment where glass wool and rock wool are under use. But to clear the mess the project is delayed four months as during erection signature of the MNC representative is required

step by step. The air was tested in a particular method as proposed by MNC now it is found that the

inclusion of asbestos is negligible. But the point is if we would known such thing then alternative

arrangements would have been done. I have mentioned this case to keep project Managers aware of the situation before going into contract with MNCs.  

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LIMITS OF POLUTENT THERMAL POWER PROJECT

CPCB ( Central Pollution Board Control) a Govt body specify following limits for industrial area. They have also specified of other residential areas and sensitive area also .However other areas are not our point of discussion except industrial area.

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY.

Pollutant	Time weighted average		Indl. Area (g/m3)		Res. Rural Other areas (g/m3)		Sensitive Area (g/m3)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)	* Annual average ** 24 hours		80 120		60 80		15 30
Oxides of Nitrogen	* Annual Average ** 24 hour		80 120		60 80		15 30
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)	* Annual Average ** 24 hour		360 500		140 200		70 100
Resperiable Particulate.		Annual Average ** 24 hours		120 150		60 100		50 75
Lead (Pb)	Annual Average ** 24 hours		1.0 1.5		0.75 1.0		0.50 0.75

Carbon monooxide (CO)

** 8 hour 1 hour

5000.0 10000.0

2000.0 4000.0

1.0 2.0

Type of measurement has also been specified but that is beyond our discussion.

LIMIT OF EMISSION ,STACK HEIGHT FOR THERMAL POWER PLANT

EIA studies are very big subject itself encompasses number of studies in between to reach a conclusion. Therefore without going to a detail study comprehensive summary has been given for construction manpower to understand about enviorment while working at site. Now we are mentioning limit allowed one by one with the help of MOEF rules and acts and EIA studies submitted by consultant of the owners.

MOEF ( Ministry of enviroment and forest) vide Notification of 19th May 1993 issued as amendment

rules to environment ( protection) Act 1986. The particulate matter emission limits for thermal power stations are as follows.

Generation capacity 62.5 MW or more                                                  150mg/Nm3

Generation capacity < 62.5 MW and commissioned before 1.1.82        350mg/Nm3

Units located in protected place area irrespective of  size                      150mg/Nm3.

Generation Capacity	Stack Height (Metres)
500 MW and above	275
200 MW/210 MW and above to less than 500 MW Less than 200 MW/210 MW	220 H=14 (Q)0. 3 where Q is emission rate of SO2, in Kg/h, and H is Stack height in metres

The above parameters have been fixed by MOEF for Stacks . Wherever the stacks height calculation is necessary  above calculation will be guiding factor. 

CRITICAL POLLUTANT OF ENVIORMENT FOR THERMAL POWER STATION.

Till last writing we have covered the applicable laws and rules for getting enviormental clearance. Those agency who will conduct such studies ( EIA) are aware of the situation and format in which the same has to submitted. To know laws and rules will be small check on them to deliver the same first time right.

While studying about envoirment effect on air and water are to be noted in that area where power station is to be located . Beside that coal handling and ash handling are to be studied as both are

potential cause of pollution. Therefore we should know the limits of ambient air and water.. We

will discuss briefly and indicate the limits stipulated by concerned agencies which are not only

Indian but international also. 

Initially , perception of objectionable effects on air pollutant were limited to those which are detectable by odour and smoke stacks. Later , due to rapid urbanisation and globalisation enviorment

becomes global issues and every developing country felt the pinch of it during world summit meeting

on enviorment . On this background effects on enviorment were revisited and few more causes were

identified as long term effect on health. It may be noted on earlier days we carry out smoke bomb test

to identify the leakage of furnace and duct by running Forced draft fan.This process was withdrawn as it is found that smoke bomb is injurious to health.

After lots of studies etc six critical pollutants are identified . Those are  sulphur-di-oxide ( SO2) ,

Carbon mono-oxide (CO) , NItrogen oxide ( NO2) , Ozone (O3) , Suspended Particulate and non

methane Hydro carbon( NMHC) . Ozone also referred to as volatile organic compounds ( VOC).

There is subtentials evidences  about their effect on health if those concentration is higher than limits.

Three of whom namely O3 , SO2 and NO2 also known as toxic to vegetation . Later Lead (Pb) was

also added in the list. Therefore agriculture Field available near by Power Station will have adverse

effect until and unless we check the pollution.

Green houses gases which are responsible for temperature enhancement cause global warming .

These gases are CO2 , CH4 ( Methane), N2O ( Nitrous  Oxide ) and  CO.

ACTS AND RULES APPLICABLE FOR EIA STUDIES FOR THERMAL POWER STATIONS.

It was noted that EIA clearance is must for proceeding to start project work . Therefore it is relevant to note the applicable rules and law in India based on which stipulation of clearing EIA is stood.

- Air ( Prevention and  control  of Pollution) ACT 1981 amended 1987.

- Water ( Prevention and control of  Pollution) Act 1974 amended 1988.

-  Water ( Prevention and control of Pollution) Rules 1975.

-  The Enviorment Protection act 1986 amended 1991

-  The Envoirment Protection Rules 1986 amended 1991 , 2001 , 2002(3) ,2004.

-  The Hazardous wastes (management & handling ) rules 1989 and amended 2000 , 2003. 

-   Manufacture ,storage, import of hazardous chemicals rules 2000 ,amended 2000.

-   Chemical Accidents ( Emergency Planning , Preparedness and Response) Rules ,1996

-   EIA Notification 2006.

-   Batteries (Management and Handling ) Rules, 2001.

-   Public Liability , Insurance Act ,1991, amended 1992.

-  Public Liability , Insurance Rules  ,1991, amended 1993.

-  Factories Act ,1948

-  The Petroleum Act 1934

- The Petroleum Rules 2002

-  The explosive Act 1884

-   The explosive Rules 1983

-   The gas Cylinder Rules 2004

-   The static and Mobile Pressure Vessels ( unfired Rules 1981).

-   The motor Vehicle Act  1988

-   The central motor vehicle rules 1989

-    The Mines Act 1952.

All the acts and Rules mentioned above are applicable in the studies in part ( section wise , ) or whole

as the case may be. The above acts and rules are mentioned applicable for GOI and we understand

such rules and acts or equivalent thereof exits for other Govt also.

ENVIORMENTAL ASPECT FOR THERMAL POWER STATIONS

Till yesterday we have discussed amongst ourselves about the choice of land and fuels as per availability and impact on selecting for a power stations. In view of that information was accumulated and based data with its limits were given.

To day we will discuss about the most important aspect of all i,e Enviorment and their impact on assessment.

Though as a construction man detail know how is not required but an outline will help us to appreciate the effect in near future. The information thus provided here is the air quality available
at the location , the limit laid by MOEF and NAAQS etc .


 The implementation of power projects needs clearance of MOEF ( Ministry of enviorment and forest) on following counts

.- Enviormental aspect

-  Forest ( conservation act)  1980

The above clearances are communicated separately and a project receives such clearances deemed to have clearances from MOEF.

It is to be noted that pt no.1. which is actually Envoirmental Impact Assessment studies should have the clearances of MOEF. Until and unless such clearances are received no project can be started. Also note that a project having project cost less than 50crore need not require this clearances      . 

The envoirmental notification sets out the procedure  for clearances of the project. Site clearances to be obtained from MOEF for survey , studies and other aspect like auditing,surveying etc. MOEF will study the assessment report upto 30 days only.

Notification stipulates that the E.I.A. studies to be completed within three months. EIA agency
may cosult expert , may  arrange public hearing etc, After considering all the aspects MOEF may grant enviorment the clearance. Clearance thus received is valid for five years.